|
An informal value transfer system (IVTS) is any system, mechanism, or network of people that receives money for the purpose of making the funds or an equivalent value payable to a third party in another geographic location, whether or not in the same form. Informal value transfers generally take place outside of the conventional banking system through non-bank financial institutions or other business entities whose primary business activity may not be the transmission of money. The IVTS transactions occasionally interconnect with formal banking systems, such as through the use of bank accounts held by the IVTS operator. ==History of IVTS== Informal Value Transfer System (IVTS) is an alternative and unofficial remittance and banking system, that pre-dates current day modern banking systems. The systems were established as a means of settling accounts within villages and between villages. It existed as far back as over 4000 years ago and even more.〔("This is a report on the number of sheep transferred to the wool account." - Crocker Art Museum )〕 〔("Cuneiform tablet: account of barley and date disbursements," - Ebabbar archive )〕 Their use as global networks for financial transactions spread as expatriates from the original countries settled abroad. Today, IVTS operations are found in most countries. Depending on the ethnic group, IVTS are called by a variety of names including, for example, ''hawala'' (Middle East, Afghanistan, Indian Sub-Continent); ''hundi'' (India); ''fei ch’ien'' (飞钱 or "flying money"; China); ''phoe kuan'' (Thailand);〔http://www.osce.org/documents/sg/2004/03/2514_en.pdf〕 and ''Black Market Peso Exchange'' (South America).〔http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/blackpeso.html〕 Individuals or groups engaged in operating IVTS may do so on a full-time, part-time, or ad hoc basis. They may work independently, or as part of a multi-person network. IVTS are based on trust. In general, operators usually didn't misappropriate the funds entrusted to them.〔("In Arabic, the word hawala means “trust,” or “transfer” depending on who you talk to." - Next Door Neighbors Somali Soomaali )〕〔("It used to be that Somali local private operators could only communicate by HF radio (yes, they did it before this via trust networks, family ties and paper" - WhiteAfrican )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Informal value transfer system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|